Mapping CBRNE Preparedness Gaps in Indonesia: Integrating Public Health, Technology, Governance, and GIS

Abstract

CBRNE threats pose complex risks to public health systems, particularly in countries with diverse geographical and institutional settings such as Indonesia. This study examines the readiness of Indonesia’s public health system to address CBRNE threats and identifies strategies for strengthening preparedness through an integrated approach. A qualitative descriptive design was applied, using data from in-depth interviews with experts, field observations, regulatory analysis, and secondary sources. Data were analyzed using NVivo with a thematic approach. The findings reveal that preparedness remains limited and is characterized by fragmented governance, disparities in healthcare capacity, insufficient technological infrastructure, lack of standardized operational procedures, and weak risk communication. These constraints reduce the system’s ability to respond effectively to complex and high-impact threats. The study proposes an integrated framework that connects health system capacity, technological and engineering support, and collaborative governance to enhance national preparedness. Strengthening efforts should focus on improving healthcare infrastructure and workforce competencies, while advancing early detection systems, laboratory integration, and interoperable health information systems. This study contributes to the development of a more resilient and adaptive public health system by bridging health sciences, engineering, and policy in addressing CBRNE challenges