Impact of Lead-Contaminated Milk on Cytokine Pathways (IL25, IL33, and TSLP) and Filaggrin Gene Polymorphism in the Development of Atopic Dermatitis

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the immunogical effect of atopic dermatitis patients from consuming different milk (cow, goat, and buffalo) potential contamination with some heavy metals (lead)  and genetically susceptible individuals carrying FLG gene (R501X) polymorphisms  in development of atopic dermatitis disease. Three samples of each milk were collected in the city of Baghdad. The pH values of the milk samples were recorded at the mean±SD for cow, buffalo and goat were (6.44 ± 0.003, 6.712 ± 0.002 and 6.551 ± 0.0015) respectively. In general, the pH values of the analyzed milk samples were within the normal physiological range for fresh milk (6.4–6.9). Also, quantitative analysis of lead was performed by using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The result lead mean±SD values for cow milk were (1.0671±0.00081ppm), buffalo milk were (1.1277±0.00029 ppm)and goat milk were (1.1928±0.0002 ppm). In addition to, the influence of consuming different types  contamined milk on plasma cytokine levels in atopic dermatitis patients than healthy individual were indicated. The result mean±SD interleukin25 (IL25) levels were highest in patients consuming goat milk were (446.71±78.65  pg/ml), followed by buffalo milk were (453.14±94.55 pg/ml) and cow milk  were (320.04±113.26 pg/ml) than controls were (191.69±73.26 pg/ml). The mean±SD IL33 levels were significantly higher in patients consuming goat milk were (439.80±89.37 pg/ml), cow milk were  (413.37±111.91 pg/ml)and buffalo milk were(340.04±120.40 pg/ml) compared to controls  were (171.69±50.17 pg/ml). Similarly, the mean±SD of TSLP  that highest levels were observed in goat milk consumers were (366.47±131.49  pg/ml), cow milk were (273.37±112.50 pg/ml) and buffalo milk were (246.71±90.57  pg/ml) than in controls were (105.02 ±73.71 pg/ml). Results showed that all milk significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, these findings that lead-contaminated milk types affect immune modulation and inflammatory status. Also, the blood samples atopic dermatitis patients were analyzed by DNA sequencing for FLG gene(R501X) SNP. The results genetic sequencing showed the filaggrin gene there were highly significant difference between patients and healthy groups and with three genotypes (AA, AT, and TT). In another hand, the effect of these SNP on development of AD is depend on status of mutant TT.