Prevalence and Socio-demographic factors of Diabetes Mellitus in Jammu District: A Cross-Sectional study

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is emerging as a rapidly increasing public health concern in India, affecting mare than 65.1 million people, with projections of 80 million by 2030. The rising prevalence of diabetes poses significant clinical, economic and social challenges. Therefore, of lifestyle and metabolic disorder this study was conducted to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its association with socio-demographic factors.
Aim & Objectives: To assess the prevalence of diabetes melllitus in Jammu district, J&K and to determine its association with selected socio-demographic and behavioural factors.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the diabetic patients in Jammu district of J&K, over a period of one year among all study subjects aged 18 years and above. A total of 800 subjects, including 400 diabetic and 400 non-diabetic individuals, were enrolled in the study. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between diabetes and socio-demographic variables. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS (software IBM SPSS version 31.0) to identify the significant predictors of study subjects.
Results: A significant association was identified between diabetes mellitus and age-group (χ² = 241.380, p < 0.001), education (χ² = 97.420, p < 0.001), socioeconomic status (χ² = 69.903, p < 0.001), occupation, area of residence (χ² = 18.414, p < 0.001), and smoking status (χ² = 8.679, p = 0.004). Urban residents exhibited more than twice the odds of diabetes (AOR = 2.426; 95% CI: 1.643–3.582), while smokers had a 1.74 times higher risk (AOR = 1.745; 95% CI: 1.002–3.307). Prevalence increases sharply with age, reaching 93.9% among individuals aged ≥75 years. In contrast, gender, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use did not show significant associations after adjustment., The value of Cox and Snell R square is 0.402 and Nagelkerke R square is 0.535 suggests that the model explains approximately 40% to 53% of the variation in diabetes status. The logistic regression model demonstrated acceptable predictive accuracy with an area under the ROC curve of 88.1%.
Conclusion: Diabetes Mellitus was found to be significantly associated with advancing age, lower educational status, poor socioeconomic conditions, urban residence, and smoking habits, whereas gender, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use did not demonstrate any association with diabetes. These findings highlight the need to strengthen public awareness, encourage healthier lifestyle practices, and improve access to preventive healthcare services to control the increasing burden of diabetes.