Valorization of Solid Residues from the Incineration of Expired Medicines in Cement Mortar

Abstract

The incineration of expired medicines is the most practical method to prevent their accidental use; however, it generates solid residues (bottom ash and fly ash) containing heavy metals and various chemical compounds that are harmful to human health and the environment. This study aims to valorize these residues in the field of civil engineering as additives in the production of Portland cement for mortar manufacturing, in order to reduce cement consumption and environmental impact. The solid residues were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), as well as geotechnical and pozzolanic analyses. The results indicate that the materials are inert and suitable for use as cement substitutes. They were incorporated as partial replacements for cement at 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. Mechanical strength and durability against acid attacks were evaluated. The results show that bottom ash and fly ash can partially replace Portland cement up to 10% and 20%, respectively, while improving the mechanical strength and acid resistance of the mortar compared to the control. The proposed valorization provides a simple, economical, and sustainable solution for the management of incineration residues.