Factors Associated with Health Consciousness among University Students in Oman: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Health consciousness may inform preventive healthcare engagement, but remains understudied among university students in Oman. This cross-sectional study assessed health consciousness and associated sociodemographic and health-related characteristics among 320 non-healthcare students recruited by convenience sampling at three government and private universities. A self-administered questionnaire included demographic and health-behavior items and the nine-item Health Consciousness Scale (HCS). Descriptive statistics, bivariate comparisons, and multivariable linear regression were reported. The mean HCS score was 31.17 ± 5.88 (possible range 9–45). Domain means were 7.36 ± 1.54 for health alertness, 10.62 ± 2.27 for health self-consciousness, 7.18 ± 1.50 for self-monitoring, and 6.01 ± 1.83 for health involvement. Per-item means were highest for alertness and lowest for involvement; no validated high-versus-low threshold was applied. Marital status (B = 4.61, p = 0.01), self-rated religiosity (B = 0.42, p = 0.04), and examination timing (B = 0.58, p = 0.02) were associated with HCS scores, but model explanatory value was modest (adjusted R² = 0.06). Examination-timing interpretation depends on category coding. Convenience sampling, self-report, small subgroups, and incomplete statistical documentation limit inference. The results support further investigation and pilot evaluation of inclusive, culturally appropriate university health-promotion approaches, rather than causal or effectiveness claims.