Physiochemical Properties of Ground Water from Rohtak

Abstract

Water is essential for the survival, growth, and productivity of plants and animals. Agriculture in Rohtak, a key city in Haryana, features a mix of traditional crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane. There is also a growing use of polyhouses for high-value vegetables and fruits. The district has Indo-Gangetic alluvium, and the soils range from fine to medium-textured. Groundwater in the area is mostly alkaline, hard, and saline, with high levels of chlorides and fluorides. This study aimed to examine the groundwater in the city. Three hand pumps were selected for testing: Sector 3, Sector 27, and near Tilyar Lake, Rohtak. The groundwater from these pumps was sampled and compared to tap water provided by the Municipal Council. The physicochemical analysis showed that the groundwater samples had an alkaline pH. In contrast, tap water had a near-neutral pH and lower ionic content, highlighting the effectiveness of municipal treatment. Some groundwater samples had reduced dissolved oxygen levels, indicating oxygen-depleted conditions below the surface. This could lead to the movement of metals and worsen water quality. The heavy metal analysis raises significant concerns. The levels of arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury in groundwater samples—especially from Sector 27 and Tilyar Lake—were found to exceed the permissible limits set by WHO and BIS for drinking water. These elevated levels could pose long-term health risks, including neurological damage, kidney problems, and cancer. Although zinc levels were within acceptable limits, higher concentrations in groundwater might still affect its taste and quality. Overall, the findings suggest that untreated groundwater from various locations is not safe for direct human consumption.