A Comprehensive Review of Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Applications of Photobiomodulation in Endodontics

Abstract

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, also known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has demonstrated considerable potential as a non-invasive method of treatment in dentistry, particularly in endodontics. It has been established that PBM causes biological effects via interactions between light and cell chromophores, which positively affect mitochondrial functions and lead to ATP formation in the body. In addition, PBM affects the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular Ca²⁺ ions, and NO, positively affecting cellular functions, inflammatory processes, and tissue regeneration. There are numerous cases of application of PBM therapy in endodontics owing to the favorable qualities of this type of therapy. Firstly, there is substantial evidence proving effectiveness of PBM in reducing post-endodontic pain, promoting periapical healing, and increasing treatment success rates. In addition, PBM therapy has become a subject of research into its regenerative effect on dental pulp stem cells within the framework of regenerative endodontics. This review discusses in detail biological principles underlying photobiomodulation and its possible applications in endodontics.