Investigation of the Cytotoxic Potential of Standardized Ziziphus Mauritiana Lam. Seed Extract Against Cell Lines

Abstract

Cancer remains a significant health concern, necessitating the development of safer and more efficient treatment alternatives, particularly those derived from natural sources. In this study, we explored the cytotoxic potential of a standardized ethanolic seed extract of Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., a plant known for its traditional medicinal uses. Extracts were prepared by successive solvent extraction and the resulting extracts were tested for the presence of various phytochemicals. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the extract were determined using colorimetric methods. The DPPH radical scavenging assay was performed to assess antioxidant activity. Further, the ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis and LC-MS profiling. The in vitro cytotoxic potential was then tested on Neuroblastoma (N2a) cancer cell line using MTT assay. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins in aqueous and alcoholic extracts. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts, revealing higher levels in the ethanolic extract compared to the aqueous extract. Ethanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential. The ethanolic extract was analyzed by GC–MS and LC–MS techniques to identify and phytochemicals, which revealed various bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, sterols, Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The extract showed mild, dose-dependent cytotoxicity with 11.05% inhibition at 100 µg/mL, slightly higher than 10 µM Rotenone (7.73%). The IC₅₀ value was 493.73 µg/mL, indicating low toxicity. These findings, along with its rich phytochemical content, suggest potential for safe use in neuroprotective or supportive cancer therapies.