Laccase-Mediated Biodegradation of Environmental Pollutants: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Environmental contamination caused by industrial development and intensive farming has resulted in the accumulation of numerous hazardous compounds in soil and aquatic ecosystems. Biological treatment strategies have gained attention as sustainable alternatives to conventional remediation methods, with laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) emerging as a versatile oxidative enzyme. Owing to its broad substrate affinity and reliance on molecular oxygen, laccase can transform a wide range of pollutants without requiring auxiliary cofactors. This review provides an overview of recent developments in laccase-assisted degradation of dyes, pharmaceutical contaminants, endocrine-disrupting substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, microplastics, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Articles published from 2016 to 2026 were identified through Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE using PRISMA 2020 criteria. Among 4,761 records initially retrieved, 79 studies fulfilled the selection requirements, and 65 were subjected to detailed assessment. Current findings indicate that mediator-assisted oxidation broadens the range of compounds susceptible to enzymatic attack, while naturally occurring mediators often provide favorable results. Advances in enzyme immobilization, especially membrane-based systems incorporating cross-linked aggregates, have improved stability and achieved pollutant removal efficiencies of up to 93%. Engineered laccase variants have also demonstrated enhanced catalytic performance under unfavorable conditions. Although economic and technical challenges remain, laccase-based processes represent a promising approach for environmentally responsible remediation.